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Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2#
(Subject, Verb, Complement, Modifier)
(Subject, Verb, Complement, Modifier)
Name : Hasna Pratisthairfani Wulandari
Class : 4KA19
NPM : 14114850
1. DEFINITION
AND EXPLANATION OF SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER
SUBJECT : The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun
phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the
sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.
Note : Every
sentence in English must have a Subject.
Example :
Coffee is delicious.
Milk contains calcium.
Coffee is delicious.
Milk contains calcium.
The subject
may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a group of words ending with a noun. (it
CANNOT begin with a preposition).
In some
sentences there is not a true subject. However it and there can often act as
pseudo-subjects and should be considered as subjects.
To determine
the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb, and then make a question by
placing “who?” or “what?” before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see
that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We
refer to this string as the “predicate” of the sentence.
For example:
* Who plays
the piano?
=>
“David” ( = Subject)
=> “plays
the piano” ( = predicate) tells us what David does.
* Who
interviewed all the witnesses?
=> “The
police” (= Subject)
=>
“interviewed all the witnesses” ( = predicate) tell us what the police did.
Subjects can
either be “simple”, “compound” or “complex”
Simple
Subject
Composed of
a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase.
Complex
Subject
A complex
subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that
modify it.
For example:
* The man
who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.
=>
central noun: man
=>
complex subject: the man who had followed us inside
* The
superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.
=>
central noun: performance
=>
complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata
Compound
Subject
A compound
subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any)
joined together with a coordinating conjunction.
For example:
* The man
and the woman walked over to the telephone.
=> The
compound subject here is the whole phrase, “the man and the woman.”
* Neither
the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission
pleased the wealthy audience.
=> Again, the whole phrase, “neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission,” is the subject. The phrase answers the question, “What pleased the wealthy audience?”
=> Again, the whole phrase, “neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission,” is the subject. The phrase answers the question, “What pleased the wealthy audience?”
VERB : Verb (verb) is a function word to indicate the action
of the subject, showing events or circumstances. Verb is one of the eight parts
of speech. English verbs are not always simple shape (one word), but may be the
result of a combination of phrases into phrasal verbs with particle (get in,
make-up, read over).
For example:
* Paul rides
a bicycle.
* Here, the
verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs – the action of
riding a bicycle.
* We buy
some books to learn English verbs.
* In this
example, the action word is “to buy”. It tells us that the subject “we”, that
is the person who performs the action of the verb is “buying some books”.
The verb
tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or
state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the
action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker
about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected
by person and number to show agreement with the subject.
Most
statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in
“tenses” which place everything in a point in time.
Verbs are
conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general
areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.
Conjugation
for tense
Conjugation
for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the
infinitive form of the verb.
The
infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present
participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare
infinitive. For example, to begin – beginning.
There are
two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time,
the simple past form and the past participle.
The form of
the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example,
the verb kiss:
Present
Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple:
kissed
Future
Simple: will kiss
Present
Perfect: has/have kissed
Past
Perfect: had kissed
Future
Perfect: will have kissed
Present
Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past
Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future
Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present
Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past Perfect
Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future
Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing
Conjugation
for person
Conjugation
for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is
governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three
conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the
verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin, and he begins. Note that only
the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In English,
we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those
ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding “-ed” to
the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.
For example:
* Dracula
bites his victims on the neck.
* In early
October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
* She
travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.
COMPLEMENT : A complement is the part of a
Sentence that comes after the VERB and is needed to make the sentence
complete. Complement can often be confused with the Object. While the Subject
and Object of a clause, in the vast majority of cases, refer to different
entities, the Complement gives more information about either the Subject or the
Object. As with the Subject and Object elements, there is only one grouping or
phrase which is considered to be the Complement of a clause.
The Subject
Complement
Let’s begin
by looking at some pairs of sentences where this information centres on the
Subject.
Bill hit
Harry.
Bill is a
policeman.
The camel
carried the load.
The camel
smells awful.
A car hit
the lamp post.
A car was
what she wanted for her birthday.
So, in the
preceding examples the first sentence of each pair contains an Object – Harry,
the load, the lamp post. These are clearly not the same entities as the
Subjects of the sentences. However, the same cannot be said for the second
sentence of each pair where there is a strong connection between the Subjects
and the phrases a policeman, awful and what she wanted for her birthday. These
phrases act to identify the Subject more precisely. These are known as
Complements; more specifically they are subject complements because they define
the Subjects of the clauses, in this case Bill, the camel and a car.
In most
sentences where the Complement defines the Subject, you will find a particular
type of verb being used. The most usual is the verb be and its forms (e.g. am,
are, was, have been) followed by a noun phrase or an adjective phrase, often as
a single word. In the instances above, a policeman is a noun phrase and awful is
an adjective phrase. Other examples are:
Noun phrase
as Subject Complement:
He is the
father of three.
Time is the
great healer.
Those
animals were very rare Siberian tigers.
Adjective
phrase as Subject Complement:
The weather
is hot.
All the
passengers were Russian.
The little
cottage was nice and cozy.
In all of
these cases, the phrases after is, was and were define the Subject. You should
notice that, although two of the Complements in the first set of examples
contain adjectives (great, very rare Siberian), these are still treated as noun
phrases because the main words in the groups are themselves nouns (healer,
tigers).
Earlier I
commented that a particular type of verb is often used in clauses with a
subject Complement and that verb is usually be. However, there is a small
number of other verbs either closely connected with be or to do with sensing
that frequently occur in this type of clause. A short list with examples might
include:
Be type:
seem, appear, become, turn out, grow, and remain
The sky
seems clearer today.
He turned
out to be a bad influence.
His client
became more and more angry.
Sense type:
look, sound, feel, taste, smell (all followed by like with a noun)
Her voice
sounds lovely.
That sounds
like heaven.
The tea
tastes foul.
There is
still one type of subject Complement that we haven’t looked at yet – this is
the subordinate clause. The example from the original sentences is:
A car was
what she wanted for her birthday.
Here a car
is the Subject, the Verb is was and the Complement defining the Subject is what
she wanted for her birthday, which is a clause since it has its own Subject
(she) and Verb (wanted). Other examples of clauses used as subject Complements
are:
Justice is
what we’re looking for.
The first
thing I did was open all the windows.
The
remaining problem is where to find the money.
The Object
Complement
In all the
instances in the previous section the Complement gave additional information
about the Subject of the clause. Additional information can similarly be given
about the Object. Look at the examples below:
The
accusation made me livid.
The whole
town wanted the outlaw dead.
The board
has made him manager.
Here, the phrases in bold are giving extra information about the Objects of the clauses which are him, me, the outlaw, him, it. The object Complement usually follows the Object of the clause as in all the examples above and the choice of verb is not so restricted as it is with the subject Complement clauses.
Here, the phrases in bold are giving extra information about the Objects of the clauses which are him, me, the outlaw, him, it. The object Complement usually follows the Object of the clause as in all the examples above and the choice of verb is not so restricted as it is with the subject Complement clauses.
MODIFIER : Modifier tells the time, place or
manner of the action. Very often it’s a prepositional phrase. Prepositional
phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note : A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the
table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an
adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year,
outdoors, yesterday
Example :
John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note:
The modifier normally follows the
complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a
prepositional phrase, usually can’t separate the verb and the complement.
Example :
She drove the car on the street
(verb) (complement)
2. 20 SENTENCES THAT CONTAIN SUBJECT, VERB,
COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER
1. She painted the wall blue yesterday.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
2. Chris is cooking dinner tonight.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
3. Robin should have bought the perfume
last night.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
4. We can watch movie in this cinema today.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
5. Lily is washing her hands right now.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
6. Ted, Barney and Marshall were playing
video games a few minutes ago.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
7. Michael drove the car last week.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
8. Chadwick
bought a book at the bookstore.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
place)
9. Kylie was
swimming in the pool yesterday.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
10. He was
smoking a cigarette two days ago.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
11. Jennifer ate
a bread at the bakery shop.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
place)
12. She bought a
delicious cake yesterday afternoon.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
13. They ate
sashimi last month.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
14. My mother
and I are shopping clothes today.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
15. Emma did her
homework last night.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
16. She sent him
the fax last evening.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
17. Natalie made
a cup of hot chocolate an hour ago.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
18. They travelled
by plane to Austria a year ago.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
19. Kim is
contouring her face right now.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
time)
20. Kendall is
buying a new lipstick in the store.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier
place)
3. A TEXT IN
ENGLISH THAT CONTAINS SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER
Karlie Kloss
Teaches Teenage Girls How to Code (Article)
Karlie Kloss, left, shot an iPhone video to promote
her Kode With Klossy camp for teenage girls this summer. Credit : George
Etheredge for The New York Times.
By Caroline
Tell March 16, 2018
Earlier this month, Karlie Kloss invited four
teenage girls to her homey office on Lafayette Street in SoHo, where she runs
Klossy, a fashion, multimedia and philanthropic organization.
Dressed in a navy blue blazer, black
turtleneck and cropped jeans, Ms. Kloss, 25, breezed in and hugged the girls,
complimenting one’s bright yellow sweater, another’s combat boots. “I feel like
you’ve all grown so much since I last saw you,” she said.
She walked over to the pristine kitchen, with
its white subway tile backsplash and restaurant-grade appliances, and grabbed
some goodies. “But first, we cupcake,” Ms. Kloss said as she led the young
women into a conference room decorated with a bronze chandelier, modern art and
flower bouquets. Her campers turned giddy as they took their seats around a
wooden table.
“Beyond just wanting to hang out with you
guys, I want you to be a part of our big announcement,” Ms. Kloss said. “You’re
the reason we want to keep growing this.”
She was referring to Kode With Klossy, the
coding camp she started in 2015 to empower girls to learn to code and become
leaders in tech. Ms. Kloss went around the room, asking what each had been up
to since attending her coding camp last summer.
Valeria Torres-Olivares, 18, from Princeton,
N.J., was first to speak. She was accepted to Princeton University, where
she’ll major in computer science. The room erupted into cheers. She also talked
about the coding class she started at the Princeton Public Library with her
younger sister Kyara, 14, a fellow camper.
“We
made it girls-only so our students would have an environment they feel safe
in,” Ms. Torres-Olivares said. “When boys are in the classroom, it’s harder.”
“They’re going
to build the algorithms of our future because they have different life
perspectives of the world,” Ms. Kloss said. Credit : George Etheredge for The
New York Times.
Another camper, Hope Dunner, 19, had
completed a computer science internship at Microsoft. Victoria Johnston, 17,
finished an internship at Viacom and now wants to use coding to pursue
activism. “I’m creating a documentary series that combines fashion and personal
stories, like what makes you different and unique,” Ms. Johnston said. “I’m
also learning to come out of my shell.”
Ms. Kloss beamed. “This is so awesome, you
guys.” she said.
A model of 11 years (she was discovered at a
benefit fashion show in her hometown, St. Louis), Ms. Kloss became the face of
brands including Oscar de la Renta, Calvin Klein and Versace. In her travels,
she often found herself hobnobbing with Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, and
realized how technology was transforming society.
“I remember I had met Kevin Systrom, the
founder of Instagram, and I said, ‘You created a product that touches hundreds
of millions of people,’” she said. “‘What do you know that these hundreds of
millions of people don’t know?’ I wanted to understand that language and skill
set.”
Ms. Kloss took a two-week class at the
Flatiron School, a coding boot camp in Lower Manhattan where she learned to
build web apps using the program Ruby. Ms. Kloss said she has always been
fascinated by how things work. “I’ve always been interested in science and
math,” she said. “That’s where I excelled as a student long before my modeling
career.”
The next year, she started her coding
scholarship program at the Flatiron School, which has since expanded to 50
camps in 25 cities, where 1,000 girls this summer can learn basic HTML/CSS,
Ruby and JavaScript, virtual reality programs, gaming and even artificial
intelligence.
“I love that they’re taking their experiences
as 15-year-old girls in America and translating them into actual projects,” Ms.
Kloss said. “They’re going to build the algorithms of our future because they
have different life perspectives of the world.”
Ms. Kloss has a worldly perspective herself.
A full-time model, she is on the road for much of the year. “Yesterday I woke
up in Paris, and today I woke up in New York,” she said.
Her closest friends include Taylor Swift.
They have vacationed together and have sat courtside at a New York Knicks game.
Despite internet gossip suggesting otherwise, the pair continues to be good
friends and they talk frequently. “Don’t believe everything you read,” Ms.
Kloss said.
She is also close with Serena Williams. They
sit on the board of Oath, the Verizon subsidiary that owns AOL, Yahoo and other
digital content brands. “Serena is one of the most extraordinary women on the
planet,” Ms. Kloss said. “She challenges the status quo in so many ways, and I
learn from her constantly.”
What has people talking, however, is Ms.
Kloss’s longtime boyfriend, Joshua Kushner, 32, a venture capitalist and a
founder of the health insurance start-up Oscar Health. His older brother is
Jared Kushner, a senior adviser to President Trump and the husband of Ivanka
Trump.
Ms. Kloss refused to comment on her
relationship. “My relationship has nothing to do with this interview,” she
said.
But she has not been shy about sharing her
political views on Instagram. She recently posted an image for March for Our
Lives, a protest against gun violence planned by teenage survivors of a Florida
high school shooting, as well as a photo from the 2018 Women’s March. On
Election Day 2016, she posted a photo of herself voting with the hashtag
#ImWithHer.
Joshua Kushner’s Instagram feed is less
overtly political, but he reportedly donated $50,000 to March for Our Lives.
After the girls’ introductions, the campers
made their way to a small room and assembled on a beige couch. They gathered to
record a 45-second video, shot on a smartphone, to invite girls to apply for
this summer’s camp.
“I have to do this type of stuff all the
time, and I always get nervous,” Ms. Kloss said. “We’ll do as many takes as we
need.”
The group did a few sequences, with each girl
flubbing a line and breaking into nervous laughter. Ms. Kloss extended a
swanlike arm to create the perfect selfie angle, and tapped record.
“You know that feeling when you’ve got all
your girls by your side and you feel like anything’s possible?” Ms. Kloss said
into her iPhone. “Well that’s me right now.”
A version of this article appears in print on
March 18, 2018, on Page ST8 of the New York edition with the headline: Off the
Runway, Helping Girls Learn to Code.
Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe
Sentences that contain subject, verb, complement and
modifier from the text above are :
1. Karlie
Kloss, left, shot an iPhone video to promote her Kode With Klossy camp for
teenage
(subject) (verb) (complement)
girls this summer.
(modifier time)
2. Karlie
Kloss invited four teenage girls to her homey office on Lafayette Street in
(subject) (verb)
(complement) (modifier
place)
SoHo.
3. She
walked over to the pristine kitchen.
(subject)(verb) (modifier
place)
4. Her
campers turned giddy as they took their seats around a wooden table.
(subject)
(verb) (complement) (modifier place)
5. Ms.
Kloss said as she led the young women into a conference room.
(subject) (verb) (complement)
(modifier place)
6. She
was referring to Kode With Klossy, the coding camp she started in 2015 to
(subject)(verb)
(complement) (modifier time)
empower girls to learn to code and become leaders in tech.
7. Ms.
Kloss went around the room, asking what each had been up to since attending
(subject)
(verb) (complement)
her coding last summer.
(modifier time)
8. She
also talked about the coding class she started at the Princeton Public Library.
(subject)(verb) (complement) (modifier place)
9. Hope
Dunner, 19, had completed a computer science internship at Microsoft.
(subject) (verb) (complement)
(modifier place)
10. Victoria
Johnston, 17, finished an internship at Viacom.
(subject) (verb)
(complement)(modifier place)
11. She
was discovered at a benefit fashion show in her hometown, St. Louis
(subject)(verb) (modifier
place)
12. She
often found herself hobnobbing with Silicon Valley entrepreneurs.
(subject)(modifier time)(verb)(complement)
13. Ms.
Kloss took a two-week class at the Flatiron School.
(subject) (verb)(complement) (modifier place)
14. The
next year, she started her coding scholarship program at the Flatiron School.
(modifier time)(subject)(verb) (complement) (modifier
place)
15. She is
on the road for much of the year.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier time)
16. They
have vacationed together and have sat courtside at a New York Knicks game.
(subject)(verb) (complement) (modifier place)
17. The
pair continues to be good friends and they talk frequently.
(subject)(verb) (complement)
(modifier time)
18. They
sit on the board of Oath, the Verizon subsidiary that owns AOL, Yahoo and
(subject)(verb)(complement)
(modifier place)
other digital content brands.
19. “Serena
is one of the most extraordinary women on the planet” Ms. Kloss said.
(subject)(verb)
(complement) (modifier place)
20. But
she has not been shy about sharing her political views on Instagram.
(subject)(verb) (complement) (modifier place)
21. Ms.
Kloss refused to comment on her relationship.
(subject) (verb) (complement)
22. She
recently posted an image for March for Our Lives.
(subject)(modifier time)(verb)(complement)
23. On
Election Day 2016, she posted a photo of herself voting with the hashtag
(modifier time) (subject)(verb)(complement)
#ImWithHer.
24. The
campers made their way to a small room and assembled on a beige couch.
(subject) (verb)(complement) (modifier place)
25. They
gathered to record a 45-second video.
(subject)(verb)
(complement)
26. “I
have to do this type of stuff all the time, I always get nervous.” Ms. Kloss
said.
(subject)(verb)(complement)(modifier time)
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